IMPandWWIreview2

**PERIOD 2**
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=**American Imperialism**= the foreign policy in which one nation tries to exert political or economic control over another nation or group of people.
 * What is imperialism?**

the policy by which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories.

1. Competition with European nations: -Might fall behind Europe -Needed more control 2. Economic Interests (Global Trade): -Expansion would increase US financial prosperity -As industry increases, we need to open our trade doors -More respect from foreign countries 3. Military Interests (Sea Power): -Military interests could protect economic beliefs -Military presence overseas to gain respect -Military bases 4. Belief in Cultural Superiority: -People wanted to spread democratic belief -Spreading religious ideas
 * What were the main causes of American imperialism the late 1800s?**


 * What were the causes and effects of the Spanish American War?**
 * __The Cause__**
 * Yellow Journalism- William Hearst (New York Journal) and Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) sensationalized the news, and weren't above making up events when the news wasn't as good in order to sell papers
 * The de Lome Letter- a Cuban agent stole a letter written by Spain's minister in Washington- the letter called McKinley a "weak man" and stated that he was a "bidder for the admiration of the crowd"- the letter appeared all over the press, including the front page of the NY Journal
 * The Sinking of the U.S.S. Maine- February 15, 1898-
 * Spanish ships in American harbor
 * The ship exploded (they don't know who blew it up or how it blew up)
 * Yellow Patriotism (see above) was involved
 * Jingoism- a combination of extreme patriotism and the desire to push for war- many politicians developed this feeling, including Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt, and eventually President McKinley
 * War is declared-
 * April 11- McKinley asks Congress for authority to send American troops to Cuba to end the civil war
 * April 19- Congress passes joint resolutions proclaiming Cuba "free and independent", disclaims any intentions in Cubam demands Spanish withdrawal, and authorizes the President to use as much military force as he thought was necessary to help Cuban patriots gain freedom from Spain- or else
 * April 24- Spain breaks off diplomatic relations with the United States, declares war
 * April 25- Congress declared that a state of war between the United States and Spain had existed since April 21st


 * __The Impact__**
 * Over 5000 deaths (only about 400 battle deaths), and a cost of $250 million
 * Expansion of the U.S.- America aquires puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam, and Wake Island
 * Spain had to recognize Cuban independence and leave the island nation
 * The Platt amendment- Cuba becomes a protectorate of the US, and US gains a naval base at Guantanamo Bay- American-Cuban relations begin (positive and negative)
 * American strength and arms become respected - rceognized as a global power
 * U.S. becomes much more involved in Asia and Latin America
 * U.S. nationalism increases
 * U.S. becomes a two ocean nation, and will look for a link to help commercial and military strength
 * American opposition or anti-imperialism develops

The event (what happened during the war?)-- war lasted a few months, fought in the Caribbean against the Pacific, US not very prepared.

- Spanish American war wasn't for conquest - Philippines should be "free and independent" - imperialism was expensive - problems at home - no such thing as "The white man's burden" - too hard to hold and govern the colonies - undemocratic- not fair that the colonies would be governed but not represented in Congress
 * Why did people begin to oppose imperialism after the war?**


 * __In general, what happened in each of the following situations:__**


 * Hawaii - early 1800s, Christian missionaries from the US had moved to Hawaii to convert to local population, wealthy planters dominated Hawaii's economy, Queen Lilivokalani leader of Hawaii wanted to limit the planters power, the American planters were upset threats to their political and economic interests**
 * The Philippines**- United States went to war for Cuban freedom and many Filipinos had also revolted against the Spanish
 * Panama**- American interest in the Pacific was expanding to Atlantic and Pacific oceans, Columbia was unwilling to give up the Panama Canal which was a shortcut that would connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans
 * China and the Open Door Policy**-
 * The Roosevelt Corollary**-
 * Dollar Diplomacy-**
 * Moral Diplomacy**-
 * Pancho Villa**-

=The Origins of WWI= Militarism- the belief that a nation needs a large military force Alliances- countries united formally to fight on one "team" Imperialism- the policy of extending the rule of an empire (politically, culturally, or gaining land) Nationalism- devotion and loyalty to one's own nation/ patriotism
 * What were the 4 MAIN long term causes of World War I?**

Franz Ferdinand, successor to the Austria- Hungarian throne and his wife were assassinated by Princip, a Bosnian Serb, while Ferdinand was inspecting his troops. Because of all the allies, most of Europe was involved, which led to a global war.
 * What was the short term cause (6/28/1914), and how did it lead to global war?**

The Alliances and the Central Powers.
 * What were the two sides of the conflict?**

At the start the US tended to support the allies because more trade and the historical ties.
 * At the start, who did the US tend to support, and why?**

=America enters WWI= US will stay neutral but they still tended to favor the allies. They stayed neutral because of the cost in not only money but in lives. Also,
 * Why did the U.S. and Wilson stay neutral at the beginning of the war?**

British Blockade and German U-Boat response,sinking of the Lusitania, U- Boats and the Zimmerman Telegram
 * What events and ideas led the United States into the war?**
 * Why did Wilson eventually ask Congress to join the Allies in Europe?**

He wanted to make the world a safer place for democracy.
 * What did he say in his war message?**

=The Home Front= - War/ liberty bonds: low interests loans by civilians to the government, meant to be repaid in a number of years - there would be food administration to soldiers - "meatless Tuesdays" : days when patriotic citizens would save food - war industries board: managed the buying and distributing of war materials -American patriotic citizens would not drive or use gas on sundays - women would donate their corsets - propaganda: opinions expressed for the purpose of influencing the actions of others - people planted victory gardens
 * How did the U.S. government mobilize America in the areas of labor, finance, production, and public support?**


 * How did the strength of the U.S. government grow during the war?**


 * How were civil liberties limited during the war?**

They worked and replaced men jobs and some worked at Red Cross. Even though when the men came back the men took back the jobs, the women used this later to gain equal suffrage. They needed people to work for industry. African Americans heard and came up North, which was called the Great Migration. They also came to the North because of racism and bigotry. espionage and sedition act: these laws set heavy fines and long prison terms for such antiwar activities as encouraging draft resisters - Americans would oppose American involvement in the war because they believed that it was a Rich man's war and a poor man's fight**
 * What role did women play in the war effort?**
 * How did the war affect African Americans?**
 * Why did some American oppose involvement into the war?

=America in WWI= American Expiditionary Force- they were chosen to fight in World War I (they were independent) They were called doughboys Fight on Western Front The weapons were mostly defensive and they wanted to become more offensive. -artillery was the biggest cause of death in the war -machine guns -flame throwers -zeppelins were not very important in the war -airplanes-not very important in the war but it was the coolest part of the war and they were not very consequential -tanks-British made, developed specifically because of the trenches, sometimes very loud and were very slow at first -gas/chemical warfare- barrels- lift the lid and let the wind take the gas and chemicals -phosgene mustard gas- would stay in the soil and the water-caused vomit, bleeding and swollen eyes - developed gas masks - outlaw chemical weapons The U.S. did not have a very big impact on the actual fighting, but their presence in Germany caused Germany to surrender. It seemed that because the U.S joined the war, the Allies had unlimited reinforcements.
 * What was the AEF?**
 * Why were trenches built in the Western Front?**
 * What was modern about World War I?**
 * What impact did the U.S. have "Over There"?**

=Peace at Versailles= Goals to make peace after WWI. He said them in a speech.
 * What was/were Wilson's Fourteen Points?**
 * What were the goals for the "Big Four" in the peace process?**
 * 1) To be harsh on Germany (blame them for the war and make them pay reparations)
 * 2) To create a league of nations
 * 3) To set new boundaries for countries


 * What were the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles?**

Many Americans opposed the Treaty of Versailles because it make the U.S. get involved with world affairs. It went against the belieg isolationism. It was a failure because it was unsuccessful in settling conflict. All it did was make new boundaries for countries and make Germany angry with the Allies. The treaty was unsuccessful in stopping WWII. WWI will be remembered as a great disaster, 9 million soldiers were killed. It was a war that didn't really settle anything, it just led to an even worse war WWII.
 * Why did many Americans oppose the Treaty of Versailles?**
 * Why was the Treaty of Versailles and eventual failure?**
 * What is the legacy of World War I?**